Practices reminiscent of hypnosis have existed in many cultures around the world for centuries. From the trance in traditional southern African healing practices, to the shamanism of Siberia, Korea and Japan, to Native North American medicine, many practices tap into the body's ability to enter a hypnosis-like state.
Catching on a little later in Europe and North America, the origins of the Western world's version of hypnosis dates back to the late 18th Century. In 1775, the German physician Franz Mesmer popularised the theory of animal magnetism. Mesmer believed an invisible, magnetic fluid flowed throughout the human body, influencing our health and behaviour.
But with a growing body of literature on its clinical efficacy and new insights into its mechanism in the brain, researchers and clinicians are working hard to rehabilitate hypnosis.
The legacy of Mesmer's eccentric experiments is a kaleidoscopic array of research – from freewheeling mid-20th Century experiments mixing hypnotism, concentrated acid and snakes, to studies published in top medical journals on hypnosis as potent means of drug-free pain relief.
Some of the most exciting findings have been in the realm of chronic pain, defined as pain lasting more than three months. In the UK, between 13-50% of people experience chronic pain, while in the US, around one-third of people do. Globally, nearly two billion people experience recurrent tension headaches, the most common type of chronic pain. By its nature, chronic pain is particularly difficult to treat with drugs, as opioid analgesics are addictive, come with a burden of side-effects and contribute to the opioid epidemic.
Hypnosis has been shown to lower both pain intensity and its interference in daily life, one meta-analysis of nine randomised controlled trials found, with patients receiving eight or more sessions experiencing significant pain relief.
For many people, it's a regular occurrence to get lost in a good book, or become so absorbed in a film (perhaps even a Harry Potter film) it can become overwhelming. Or perhaps you find yourself oblivious to landmarks by the road as you drive along the motorway. If that's happened to you, then you've experienced something not so different from hypnosis. There are even parallels between becoming absorbed in your smartphone and hypnosis – both distort time perception, reduce awareness of your external environment, and bring a reduced sense of agency (that feeling you just can't stop scrolling). Hypnosis is not so distant from many experiences we have in everyday life.
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